Pāpamocanī Ekādaśī
Today is Pāpamocanī Ekādaśī. Pāpamocanī Ekādaśī is the destroyer of sins—or she who liberates one from sin.
Śrī Kṛṣṇa, residing in Goloka Vṛndāvana, feels compassion for the conditioned souls of this world and He thinks, “Oh, they are suffering so much,” just as a father laments to see his children suffering.
The jīvas suffer the reactions to their bad karma. They do not know how to properly behave and they have no ears for good advice. After what seems like endless suffering, a jīva will finally pray to Kṛṣṇa, "Please save me!”
The conditioned souls are very proud by nature. They do not listen to others advice, or wish to pray to anyone. They bow down to no one. Only when they have no other solution will they come under someone's shelter. Before that point they will never do so. Coming to this material world, these souls collect so much sinful reactions and they cannot tolerate those painful fruits of their karma.
Because of this, Kṛṣṇa, out of His causeless mercy, manifested the mother of devotion, Śrīmatī Ekādaśī-devī and sent her to this world, saying, “O Devī, the jīvas are collecting so much sin with the medium of their eleven senses. They lie, cheat, steal, and gamble with others. They hurt others, and in their pride they think that this is their greatness. They tell people around them, “If you don’t listen to what I am saying I will break your legs!” When others are unhappy they become happy, and when others are happy they become unhappy. They have such bad impressions in their hearts that they do not care about what is right and wrong. However, when the fruits of their karma comes to them, they say, 'Alas! Why has this happened to me? Why am I suffering?'"
It is easy to sin, but it is very difficult to tolerate the reaction of sin. So Ekādaśī-devī came to this world on the order of Bhagavān and continues to come. She came to save the jivas from suffering in hell. She thinks, “Somehow or another I must engage all these conditioned souls in the service of Kṛṣṇa. I must make them strong in adherence to sanātana-dharma. I want them to become qualified and to follow bhakti.”
It is easy for a conditioned soul to be ill-behaved and acquire bad habits, but very difficult for him to form good habits and behavior. If someone takes shelter of Ekādaśī-devī however, she will help that person engage his eleven senses, which were given to him by Bhagavān, in service of Divinity.
What is the meaning of bhakti? The meaning of bhakti is to engage all of one's senses in the service of He who is the master of the senses. Conditioned jīvas engage in duplicity and knowingly or unknowingly cause violence toward others but they must become free from these tendencies. They must not only be freed; they must be shown the right path. If they are not thus guided they will only continue to progress on the wrong path with only their bad habits to lead them.
Sinners will surely taste the results of their sins. They try to hide their bad qualities but sinful reaction will come to them regardless. Why do they not pray? They could at least feel remorseful for their bad natures. They could pray, “Please forgive me! Please correct me!” But they refuse to pray like this.
Conditioned souls will come to a pure place and clean place, but then make that place dirty by their ill deeds. They like their environment to be dirty. Ekādaśī-devī, comes to save the conditioned souls from their own appalling natures. Empowered by the śakti of Kṛṣṇa, she comes every fifteen days equipped with her training course. All of Kṛṣṇa's potencies are embodied by Ekādaśī-devī. Sometimes she comes as Mokṣadā Ekādaśī and sometimes she comes as Jayā or Vijayā Ekādaśī. She also comes as Putradā, Saphalā, and Kamadā Ekādśī. She comes with many different names. With her every appearance she has a certain specialty. She wants to make the jīvas free from all mundane designations and she wants to make the jīvas pure and completely engaged in Kṛṣṇa's service so that they will always be happy.
How should we respect Ekādaśī-devī? Instruction has been given in the śāstra on how to follow Ekādaśī. It is stated that on the day of Ekādaśī one must not endeavor to gratify his senses. One should not wear opulent clothes, sleep on a bed, joke with others, or talk uselessly. Simply go to the temple of Bhagavān, or associate with sādhus and listen to harikathā. If that is not possible then stay in your house and read the Bhāgavad-gītā or Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam. Worship Tulasī-devī, Śālagrāma, or the Deity form of Bhagavān. Do all of this in your own home if you cannot visit a temple or āśram. By doing this your bhakti will be nourished.
The mind cannot be washed clean of all its impurities by any process we can administer ourselves. We have the tendency to commit sin and our minds are impure, but by surrendering to Ekādaśī-devī, we can become properly engaged in our eternal service. Ekādaśī-devī herself will cleanse our hearts and she will think of a solution to our impure condition.
So we must be sure to properly respect Ekādaśī-devī properly by going to the sādhus and being in sat-saṅga. We must chant harināma, listen to harikathā, and do hari-saṅkīrtana. On the day of Ekādaśī we must engage ourselves like this and make a promise to Ekādaśī-devī. We can say, "From this day onward I will daily chant Viṣṇu-sahasra-nāma, the thousand names of Viṣṇu,” or, “I will chant the thousand names of Gopāla," or, "I will read the Śrīmad Bhāgavatam, Rāmāyaṇa, and Bhagavad-gītā." Also, we must promise that we will not give any food to our senses, not allowing them to meet the objects of māyā. We must make this promise and surrender ourselves to Ekādaśī-devī. If you make this promise, this saṅkalpa, then no demigods, demon, ghost, or witch will ever be able to give you trouble. If you make such a promise then no form of disease, misery, sadness, or poverty, can touch you. If you just make this promise you will always be happy because you will be detached from the all that is mundane. You will no longer collect garbage in the endless cycle of birth and death. You will be aloof, or liberated, from this material world if you make this promise.
Today is Pāpamocanī Ekādaśī. To free the conditioned souls from all forms of sin, Ekādaśī comes in this period of March/April. Whenever Ekādaśī-devī comes she does not come alone; she comes with all the dear associates of Bhagavān. Wherever there is an assembly of devotees; wherever devotees follow Ekādaśī; wherever they start kīrtana; wherever they recite Gītā and Bhāgavatam; wherever they chant Hari's names — that place is graced with the presence of Nārada Ṛṣi, Lord Śiva, Prahlāda Mahārāja, Bhīṣmadeva, Yama Mahārāja, Kapiladeva, Janaka Mahārāja, the Fours Kumāras (Sanaka, Sanandana, Sanata-kumāra, and Sanātana), and all of our previous ācāryas. These personalities come with Ekādaśī-devī to help free us from our offenses and sins. They themselves will make all arrangements. In a such a beautiful way they rectify the conditioned souls.
Sometimes parents beat rebellious children in order to correct them, but children will not be corrected by this kind of treatment. By treating children with love and affection, they will learn and will change. Ekādaśī-devī does not want to see any of her children crying so she takes them on her lap and lovingly caresses them. This is how she changes the jīvas. She is not cruel-hearted. She does not punish anyone. Instead, out of great compassion — out of her limitless love — she makes us free from all material attachments and bestows all kinds of śakti upon us. Also, with her come all the great Ṛṣis, Mahājanas, and Ācāryas. They bestow their association and mercy to that person who takes shelter of Ekādaśī.
Nārada Ṛṣi once asked Agastya, “What can be done for the conditioned souls? They do not know what their true self-interest is. I travel this universe and all the while chant Bhagavān's names, but I see that people are willing to chant any name other than that of God's. They call the names of their wives, children, relatives, and friends but the do not call out to Sītā-Rāma or Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa. They will not even do so by accident. They do not call out Bhagavān's names when in danger or at the time of death. They would rather die crying than chant the holy name."
"What use is there of such a life?" Agastya Ṛṣi replied, feeling very sad. The two sages were walking in the forest. Just then, they saw a cruel hunter who killed cows, deer, boars, and all sorts of animals as an occupation. Agastya Ṛṣi said to Nāradajī, “Let this man hear the names of Rāma."
So Nārada Ṛṣi went before the hunter and started doing kīrtana. The clever hunter had been luring animals close to him by playing an enchanting melody on a flute but when Nārada Ṛṣi started kīrtan, the animals that were approaching scattered. Nārada Ṛṣi was singing and playing on his vīṇā. The sage and the instrument appeared like companions working together. The sound of the kīrtan was beautiful. Seeing all the animals run away, the hunter asked Nāradajī, “Who are you and why have you come here? If you want the skin of deer I will give it to you. Would you like the skin of a tiger? I will give you that also, but why are you disturbing my hunting? All the animals are running away because of you.”
Nārada Ṛṣi replied, “Why don’t you chant Rāma’s names? What is the use of any other activity.”
The hunter replied, “If I only chant as you say, what will I eat?”
“Look, Rāma will arrange everything for you, just chant His names.”
“I will not chant. I have not come to this world to become a Bābājī. You are a Bābājī and should remain so, but I am not a Bābājī. Now, just see, all my animals have run away!”
“You are committing so much sin and will surely taste the fruits of your action. Just wait and see. The only way to be freed from your dangerous fate is by chanting the holy name.”
The hunter objected, “If I don’t kill animals then my children will go hungry.”
“You have killed so many animals. Will your family share the reactions of your sins? Will your wife? Will your children? Go and ask them.”
“If I go and ask then you will run away, I know this.”
“I will not run away, I will stay right here until you return.”
Still the hunter was skeptical so Nārada Ṛṣi allowed him to tie him to a tree. Now confident that the sage would be there when he returned, the hunter went to his father and asked, “My dear father, will you share the reactions of my sins?”
His father replied, “Why should I do that? I have looked after you since you were a baby. I have no such obligation.”
So then that hunter went and asked his mother the same question. She replied, “I looked after you in the womb for nine months, why should I accept your sin?”
Then the hunter went and asked his wife if she would accept some of the reactions for his sins. She replied, “Why should I accept that?”
When asked the same question, even the hunter's children said, "Why should we take your sin, Father? You brought us to this world. You will suffer for your own sins. Why should we suffer for your sins?”
The hunter, now thoroughly troubled, then returned to Nārada Ṛṣi and removed the ropes that bound him. Nārada Ṛṣi had some Gaṅgā water in his water pot and he sprinkled some on the hunter's head. The hunter’s consciousness at once cleared and he could see each and every animal that he had ever killed standing in a line. They held knives, daggers, and other weapons and were waiting to kill him. We see that people in this world have nightmares of snakes devouring them. Why are they having nightmares like this? Can such dreams go away with a doctor’s injection? Never. Their bodies feel like they are burning as they sleep. They have allergies and cough all day and night. Worms burrow into their organs, and they have brain-hemorrhages and tumors. Why is this? These are effects of souls who long for their revenge entering the body.
The hunter was trembling and feeling much despair so Nārada Ṛṣi said, “Listen, I have come to help you. I will take your sins and dissipate them but you must promise to not sin further — to no longer cause suffering to others. Promise this now and break your bow and arrows. Do not worry about food. You did not create this world; Kṛṣṇa has created it and He will give you whatever you need to eat. Just see, a python does not search for food, nevertheless he survives because his food comes to him. An old man does not have to do anything to earn food and neither does a young child. Only those who have the ego of being the maintainers of this world work hard. Just sit down silently in one place and chant Śrīman Rāmacandra's names.”
In great remorse the hunter spoke, “I cannot chant these names!” He was in fact so sinful up until that point that he could not utter the sound vibration of the holy name.
“Ok, if you cannot chant rāma-nāma then you should chant, ‘Mara mara!’
The word 'mara' means 'kill'. The hunter was able to chant this without problem. Clever Nāradajī thus engaged him in repeating this word over and over again.
ulṭā nāma japata jaga jana
vālmīki pāya brahma-samāna
Even though the hunter chanted Rāma’s names backwards, the hunter became a topmost devotee. By chanting, “Maramaramaramara,” his chanting actually transformed into, “Rāmarāmarāma Rāma Rāma.”
Quite some time later, Nārada Ṛṣi and Agastya Ṛṣi where walking in that area again when they come across a large anthill from which the sound, "Rāma Rāma!" was emanating.
Agastya Ṛṣi smiled and said to Nāradajī, “You gave nāma to a hunter in this area. Where has this hunter gone?” Nārada Ṛṣi, also smiling, took some Gaṅgā water from his water pot and sprinkled in on the mound of earth. The hunter's body was revealed from the insects' home. His skin and flesh had been eaten by ants and termites but once the holy water touched him he was completely well. The hunter's mind was now completely pure and from that time onward he was known as Vālmīki, meaning “He who emerged from an ant hill.”
Even before Rāmacandra Bhagavān appeared in this world the Rāmāyaṇa appeared in Vālmīki's heart. He wrote down rāma-līlā before Rāmacandra actually appeared. The famed Bharadvāja was a disciple of Vālmīki. Vālmīki's example illustrates that any amount of sin can be washed away by those who wield Bhagavān's śakti.
Ekādaśī-devī is the mother of bhakti — bhakti-jananī. She takes responsibility for one who has surrendered to her and she makes that person free from pāpa, sin, and its reaction. She is therefore called Pāpamocanī.
One may be cleansed of sin, but what if the tendency to commit sin remains within him? This tendency can drag the jīva back into darkness and he will again lie, cheat, and harm others. For this reason, Ekādaśī-devī brings the mahājanas, sages, and previous ācāryas along with her. These personalities will protect from all four sides that person who takes shelter of Ekādaśī.
In the recent past, a person we know took shelter of Ekādaśī-devī. He followed vrata on Ekādaśī day and seriously took up the chanting of harināma and did hari-kīrtana. He started to read the Rāmāyaṇa, Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, and Bhagavad-gītā. In time, his neighbors joined him and soon a nice sāṅga, or congregation, was formed. This person spoke harikathā to everyone who came for their programs and people from all over the area were attracted. Everyone involved was enlivened and inspired to follow bhakti. Before, this devotee would not have imagined himself speaking harikathā and inspiring others, but Ekādaśī-devī gives this qualification to those who take shelter of her.
When Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura was living in Jagannātha Purī as the district magistrate, he was also a respected sevaka of Śrī Jagannātha-deva. At that time, he saw that all the paṇḍās and pujārīs in the temple were out of control. They were so arrogant and would never listen to anyone. Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura contemplated how they could be corrected. Putting them in jail or punishing them would be of no use, so he prayed to Bimalā-devī.
Who is Bimala Devī? She is the śakti of Jagannātha-deva. She resides in deity form within the confines of the Śrī Maṇḍira. Bimalā-devī revealed to Ṭhākura Bhaktivoda, “There are many people in this world, but no one knows how to serve Jagannātha. You however, Kederanātha, have surrendered unto me, I will therefore give you pure intelligence, I will guide you in your actions. I will tell you the way to change everyone around you and make them able to properly serve Jagannātha.”
Many paṇḍās of Purī-dhāma do not follow any kind of vrata. They proclaim, "I am Jagannātha's sevaka," and fear nothing. Many eat fish, chew tobacco, take other intoxicants, and most of them are heavy-set, strong, and swift tempered. Few dare to give them trouble. Even the British could not do anything to them.
There is a place within the Jagannātha Maṇḍira where the paṇḍās have taken the deity of Ekādaśī-devī and turned her upside down. Why is this? By doing this they state that in Jagannātha Purī no one should follow Ekādaśī.
If everyone followed Ekādaśī all good qualities would enter everyone's heart. Everyone would be truthful, no one would fight, no one would try to control everyone, and everyone would be peaceful.
Bimalā-devī told Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura, “The priests are sacrificing goats, buffalos, horse, camels, and other animals. So much blood is flowing in front of the temple. They sacrifice these animals and eat the meat. Their intelligence is therefore like that of animals. If one eats an animal he will become like an animal. O Thākura, please sit in front of me and speak on Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam. This is what you must do if you want their hearts to change.”
Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura answered, “But no one will listen.”
“Do not worry, I will make all arrangements.”
So Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura sat in a place called Mukti-maṇḍapa. It is a raised platform under a banyan tree within the temple. Only the senior-most brāhmana paṇḍās are allowed to go there. If a common person even touches the Mukti-maṇḍapa, the paṇḍās will destroy him.
Bimalā-devī told Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura to give class at Mukti-maṇḍapa, which is in front of her temple, and that she would protect him and make all other necessary arrangements.
That place is were the animal sacrifices had been going on but now that Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura was giving class on Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam there the priests were somewhat distracted. They dared not bother him for sitting there, for he was district magistrate and could get them into great legal trouble.
Bimalā-devī came to the paṇḍās in their dreams and told them, “From now on, I will not accept anything but Jagannātha's mahā-prasāda. Do not try and offer me anything else.
Gradually, because Jagannātha's prasāda was thenceforward offered there, the paṇḍas that once sacrificed animals at that spot started eating the mahā-prasāda after it was offered to Bimalā-devī. Bimalā-devī told them that they were forbidden to eat anything else apart from that prasāda and that nothing apart from that was allowed near her temple. They thus ate only Jagannātha's prasāda far an extended period. As a result of this, they automatically developed a taste for listening to harikathā from Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura. In addition to reading from and commenting on Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura glorified Ekādaśī-devī. This was done on the order of Bimalā-devī.
Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura established the teachings of Śrīman Mahāprabhu.
Once at the Jagannātha-vallabha gardens near the Guṇḍīcā Temple, Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu, Who was accompanied by Vakreśvara Paṇḍita, Svarūpa Dāmodara, and other devotees, ordered everyone to do hari-nāma-saṅkīrtana. He said, “Do not sleep. Engage in kṛṣṇa-kathā and chant harināma for the entire day and night. Today is Ekādaśī. We will respect this tithi by doing this. Everyone together should perform Bhagavān's nāma-kīrtana and do nothing else. Abandon all other forms of activity. Today, do nothing but submit yourselves at the feet of Ekādaśī-devī. If you cannot join the saṅkīrtana then chant on your beads, and if you cannot chant on your beads then do daṇḍavat-pranāma repeatedly and chant Kṛṣṇa's names. Chant the names of the dhāma and the names of the devotees. Do praṇāma to everyone and pray to them that you can properly follow Ekādaśī-devī. Speak to each other about the pastimes of Śrī Rāma and Śrī Kṛṣṇa."
The devotees happily obeyed the Lord's instruction. Everyone was blissfully engaged in chanting the holy name and offering prayers.
In Jagannātha Purī there is a rule that says that one must, out of respect, eat Jagannātha prasāda as soon as he receives it. Failing to do so is considered a great offense. Some paṇḍās who wanted to test Mahāprabhus faith in mahā-prasāda brought many nice preparations that had been offered to Jagannātha and presented it to Mahāprabhu and the devotees, aware that they were observing a fast for Ekādaśī. Following the guidance of Mahāprabhu, all the devotees there did daṇḍavat-pranāma to the mahā-prasāda, offered prayers to it, and did parikramā around it for the entire night, singing the holy names all the while. When morning came, Mahāprabhu and the devotees bathed in the ocean and then honored that mahā-prasāda. Mahāprabhu distributed the many delicious items, and ordered everyone there to do Dvādaśī-pārana.
After pārana the devotees humbly inquired from Mahāprabhu, "We understand that on the day of Harivāsara we must leave everything, even sleeping and eating, to engage ourselves in hari-kīrtana the entire day. Here in Jaganath Purī however, it seems that a dilemma could come in our paths. We have heard that if
Jagannātha mahā-prasāda comes to us we must immediately accept it no matter what condition we may be in. Our scriptures, as well as our ācāryas like Śiva Ṭhākura and Śukadeva Gosvāmī, have extensively glorified Jagannātha mahā-prasāda and proclaimed that there is no greater thing in existence. We therefore beg you to bestow your causeless mercy upon us and reveal to us what we must do if the dilemma of receiving Jagannātha's mahā-prasāda on Ekādaśī befalls us.”
Mahāprabhu replied, “Following Ekādaśī is the primary limb of bhakti. She is the mother of devotion. One
must take shelter of Ekādaśī-devī. If you do not respect her you will be destroyed. No one has the strength to save you if you disrespect Ekādaśī-devī. When Ekādaśī-devī mercifully comes, you must respect her no matter what. You will get mahā-prasāda every day, but on the day of Ekādaśī do not take that mahā-prasāda. Take it the next day, in doing this there is no problem, but on the day of Ekādaśī take only the rasa of kṛṣṇa-nāma, kṛṣṇa-kīrtana, kṛṣṇa-kathā, and remembrance of Kṛṣṇa. Drink only this rasa and do not take anything else."
Devotees take Bhagavān's prasāda every day. They do not accept anything without first offering to Bhagavān. However, when Ekādaśī-devī comes, for that day, they do not take prasāda. They do so the next day, this is their rule. There are three types of Ekādaśī. Some devotees observed Ekādaśi by refraining from both eating and drinking, or doing nirjala-vrata. Some follow nirāhāra, which means they drink some water but do not eat. Others accept aṇukalpa, or concessionary foodstuffs such as milk and fruits. To follow Ekādaśī in the purest way one must not eat or drink anything and stay awake the whole day and night doing kīrtana. The next morning, after giving donations to the brahmaṇas, he should break his fast and respect Jagannātha mahā-prasāda. In any of these methods the goal should be to be able to spend all of one's time doing hari-kīrtana and hearing harikathā.
Some people see eating as the goal of their life and they think, “We live to eat! Nothing else is important.” If you ask them, “Why are you eating?” they will tell you, “So that we can eat more! We will live and we will eat. We will eat and enjoy. We will eat, pass, and enjoy, enjoy, enjoy.” Why do they think like this? This is what they have been taught by modern society. Their parents, brothers, sisters, and friends taught them that life is meant for enjoying the senses. But for how long can they enjoy? How long will this machine, this body, continue to work? The material body will fail them one day. What will they do then? They will go to the doctor, catch hold of the doctor’s feet, and beg to be saved but no one can save them.
Therefore, if you become absorbed, at least every fifteen days — on Ekādaśī, and you fast for Bhagavān then just see what will happen. The personality of sin, Pāpa-puruṣa, will never touch you. However, if do not follow Ekādaśī then Pāpa-puruṣa, who resides in grains on that day, will enter your body and will cause so much trouble.
We are great dacoits. We want to enjoy everything that we see. At least follow this one day every fortnight. Follow vrata on Ekādaśi — make this promise for the pleasure of Kṛṣṇa. Say "O Lord, I offer this day to you. I will not eat anything.” We can see all fourteen days of the fortnight as our own, just give this one day for Kṛṣṇa.
Follow the limbs of bhakti and respect Ekādaśī-devī, then all good qualities will enter your heart and all forms of mercy will come to you. When you follow bhakti and respect Ekādśī-devī you will have nothing to fear. Nothing can trouble you. Leave the association of wicked people and just follow Ekādaśī-vrata. Chant the holy names, do not have any relation with anyone. You came alone to this world, and you will leave this world alone. No one will share the fruits of your karma so why are you concerned about others? Just follow Ekādaśī-devī, then you will have no worries in life.
Follow at least one limb of bhakti. For example, just take mahā-prasāda. Even if you cannot do anything else in your life, no problem, just do this. If you neglect bhakti completely then no one will be able to save you. Therefore, follow the rules and regulations. Only those who are foolish and ignorant will not care to do so.
If you want to follow the limbs of Bhakti-devī then you must take shelter of Ekādaśī-devī and respect her properly. Other than the help of Ekādaśī-devī there is no other means to please Bhagavān. Follow Ekādaśī to please Kṛṣṇa, because she is the mother of devotion. She will rescue us all and protect us.
In Mathurā, Śrīla Gurudeva would have everyone he met follow Ekādaśī. Even the housewives and children. Śrīla Gurudeva would tell them, “All of you should do kīrtana together. Today, do nothing but hari-kīrtana and hari-sevā.”
When Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura established the glories of Ekādaśī by his harikathā Jagannātha Purī everything started to change. Animal sacrifices stopped, and the people — even the paṇḍās — followed vrata on Ekādaśī and became nice Vaiṣṇavas. They took mahā-prasāda and stopped eating fish, taking bhāṅgand gānjā, and drinking alcohol. They took up the signs of tilaka and kanti-mālā and gradually they became pure.
Wherever Ekādaśī-devī is being followed, that place is Vaikuṇṭha, it is Goloka Vṛndāvana. Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura sings:
je-dina gṛhe, bhajana dekhi,
gṛhete goloka bhāya
caraṇa-sīdhu, dekhiyā gańgā,
sukha sā sīmā pāya
In that place that Ekādaśī-devī is being followed the people will have all good qualities. That place will have no problems or shortages. It will be non-different from Vṛndāvana. Just try to follow Ekādaśī-vrata and ultimately all forms of happiness will be yours.
[CC-by-NDNC Bhakta Bandhav]